What does the term 'Substantive Law' refer to?

The term 'Substantive Law' refers to the body of law that establishes the rights and responsibilities of individuals. It defines what actions are considered lawful or unlawful and outlines the rights that individuals have in relation to one another and the state. Substantive law is essential because it provides a framework for legal standards and expectations, ensuring that individuals understand what is permissible and what is not within the legal system.

In contrast, the other options focus on different aspects of law. Procedural law, for instance, involves the rules and processes that govern how legal cases are handled in the court system but does not define the rights themselves. The focus on penalties addresses the consequences for violations but does not inherently establish individual rights. Lastly, the reference to oral tradition does not align with the established legal frameworks recognized in modern legal contexts, as substantive law is codified and documented rather than relying solely on oral practices.